True, the use of human beings from the shelter or generally in the modern sense of the age of human use of housing is unknown, but it can almost be considered as the humanity is born, because it is believed that man from the beginning to stay out of snow and rain, cold and heat And animal attack as well as the attack of other relatives in the caves and these caves can be considered the first habitat for humanity and since then humans have always been thinking of making it easier and better for themselves.
In the recent centuries, the growth of the population in the world, the increasing humanitarian situation, has solved many problems scientifically and technically and caused major changes in housing construction. Other single-unit buildings did not meet the needs of human societies, and therefore the housing system was completely transformed. And the use of office materials like steel and cement from the building became commonplace. Due to access to these materials and other facilities, the expansion of the cities turned from horizontal to vertical, and the apartment became commonplace in several floors.
Types of buildings
Building types in terms of materials:
۱- Concrete buildings:
Concrete building is a building used for its main structure of reinforced concrete (cement sand, sand and steel in the form of a simple barrel or barrel). In concrete buildings, ceilings are covered with concrete slabs, or from ceilings of the joists and blocks or other Prefabricated ceilings are used. For separating walls, brick-like bricks may be used, as well as conventional bricks or bricks, or wood, and may also be used for reinforced concrete walls. In this type of building, the beams and pillars of reinforced concrete are made of reinforced concrete.
۲-metal buildings:
In this type of building, columns and bridges are used to make steel profiles. In Iran, usually, the columns are used from single double beams or single wings, and also for joints from the corners, and for steel joints for pillars, and usually two pieces Connect the steel with welding using one another. The roofs of this type of building may be beam or arched, or other types of ceilings, such as joists and blocks, etc. For partitions can be used as concrete buildings of a variety of bricks or chalk pieces or wood or clay pottery. Separators of materials Style is selected.
۳-brick buildings:
In a small building that does not have four floors, it is possible to use this type of building. The main slab of this type of building was brick. For the construction of roofs in Iran, steel profiles I and bricks are often used as a vault, or from the ceiling of the joist and block In this type of building, in order to cope with the earthquake side forces, it is necessary to use floats on the Chinese seat and under the ceilings.
In brick buildings, the walls of the house are usually placed on different floors, and most of the partitions are the same walls. The minimum wall thickness of the walls should not be less than 35 cm.
Different stages of building a building
Visitation of land and eradication:
Prior to commencing any type of operation, the building site shall be visited and the location and distance thereof shall be checked against the streets and surrounding roads, as well as the elevation of the ground, according to the construction map, if the building is of special significance The gravity and other land effects should be determined by the surveyor engineers, and the location of the wastewater wells and old water wells that may be available on each land should be determined and its location should be specified in relation to the development, and if necessary, this should be The wells are filled with concrete and / or lime, and the location of the building The land is set and directed to the eradication (the roots of the vegetation that may have landed) in the area and the extra soils (decapage) are removed, and finally the geometric shape of the earth and its angles must be clearly identified and conform to the map of the building to be given.
Disassemble the map
After visiting the site and erecting it is the first step in the construction of the map. The purpose of the mapping is to transfer the map of the building from the paper to the main dimensions so that the exact location of the pillars, columns, walls, basements and bays on the ground is well known. Must try to be used when mapping a map. Mapping of important buildings is usually used with mapping cameras. To make a map of the typical and small buildings of the meter and the cord of the building to which the strings work Note that a hose is used to make a map with a meter and string. First, we must determine the total location of the building on the ground, and then, by drawing a string in one of the specified steps, and casting the plaster, we will determine one of the main lines of the building, then another building Which is perpendicular to the first line using the case We design Pythagoras in the construction term for using this method in 3-4-5, because in this method, usually, the sides of the triangle are 3 meters and 4 meters, and the torque of the triangle is 5 meters. For smaller and larger places, one can use the multiplicity of these numbers. .
When placing a map in order to prevent the occurrence of errors, it is better to always measure the dimensions from a main point that we call it the source and move it on the ground. Once the map is completed, before proceeding with the mapping or mapping, be sure to reset it. Controlling the dimensions of the mapped map to prevent mistakes. To make sure the angles achieved in the rooms are as follows It is necessary to measure the two diameters of each term if they are equal. That is the room, the so-called left and right, are said to be called. The excavation is performed after the map is put into operation and controlled if necessary. Duplication is performed for that part of the building. It can be found in the floors below the natural floor of the earth, such as motor homes, warehouses, parking lots, etc. … In the case of excavation, if the place is not large, the usual equipment, such as a shovel, a hitch, and a fagoon are used. To do this, the depth of the excavation is possible with a shovel up (for example, 2 m), and then the bridges are applied and then the bridges are created and the soil is deposited from the depth below the step on the stepped pit, and from On the stairs, they are taken back to the outside. For bigger trucks, it is not economical to use a shovel and a hitch, and it is better to use mechanical tools such as a loader, etc. In such cases, to remove dirt from the pit and carry it out to the workshop usually The slope is used. In this way, during the recessing of the slope, along with the pivoting for the passage of the carriage, etc., which, after the completion of the work, will be removed by the worker. In the meantime, it is advisable to continue the excavation to the bottom of the pillow because in this case, first, for the mold The pillars have more freedom to do so, as a result, the cleaner and more correct side will be. Secondly, we can pour the soil from the well as well as the scum of the building in the space created between the pillars, which is economically important. In order to prevent the falling of the walls of the excavation area into the hollow, the surrounding wall should usually have a gentle slope that measures the angle of the perpendicular to the angle. The size of this pitch depends on the type of excavation soil, the larger the soil is, the sharper and coarse aggregate. The presence of another building in the vicinity of the site should be increased to ensure the reliability of the operation in order to prevent accidents and financial or psychological damage. The taps should preferably be of steel type (at least the iron bar 14), which has a tight connection to the 45-degree cutting wall. Preferably the taps must be connected to the adjacent building columns by welding. If the tongues are wooden, they must be sufficiently nailed and of the same size as the stability of the assembly. The tightness of the taps to the wall should be completely covered by the gypsum In the event of any movement or occurrence of any event that could result in the destruction of the set, it would prevent any incident by observing the cracks created on the gypsum layer. Therefore, there are two reasons why this can be done: access to the earth, taking into account that All building loads are transmitted through the walls or columns to the ground, so the building should be on the ground Which is reliable and able to withstand the load of the building. In order to access such a land, we have to create a foundation for the building. In order to protect the foundation of the building, to protect the building base and prevent the impact of atmospheric agents on the building’s foundation, we must rebuild it, even in The best lands should also be drilled at least 40 to 50 cm deep. Exposure, depth and depth of the pillars depends entirely on the weight of the building and the strength of the soil to be used. In the large buildings, before the start of the work, soil mechanics tests allow the permissible land tenure Determine the size of the engineer In small buildings, we need to make sure of the earth’s resistance to the load of the building. Often, the power of land tolerance for small buildings by observing the soil, seeing its floors, and placing the grains on each other or by knocking The device is recognizable to the location of the bird. The cobbler is a very loose and in no way capable of bearing the load of the building, such as sandy or sandy terrain, or in places where the ground is pristine at a great depth and removing the kidneys. Surface soils are not cost-effective. Through the ingestion, the load is transferred to the ground floor. This way that along the building’s piers, along the main walls, which are loaded, are drilled through the wells of a well, and the drilling continues to the ground firmly, then they fill the well with concrete or shale. After filling these wells on It is interconnected by brick, stone or concrete arches, and then we enclose it on the Chinese wall, although it is assumed that all loads on this pivot is axial, but it is better to tolerate the shear force and the potential bending anchor. Each well contains 8 to 10 rebar bars, the diameter of which is obtained by calculation and should not be exceeded. The beam is scaled down to 10 and is connected to each other by screwed cross-bars. The metal structure is a metal structure whose pillars and beams are of different metal profiles and the load of ceilings, walls and separators by beams The main part is transferred to the column moved by the columns to the ground. The advantages and disadvantages of these types of buildings are developing very quickly, if more time is needed to build concrete or brick. The columns and portions of the metal constructions occupy less space and this creates a more useful surface in metal buildings. In the case of high concrete buildings, we will have to create large columns and walls. It is possible to construct metal building parts outside the workshop area, and this is due to the precision of work and the quality of the parts, as well as economically feasible.
Became Construction of metal buildings is less dependent on weather and atmospheric factors if concrete structures in concrete below 4 ° C are not allowed to continue to work. The benefits of building a metal after the completion of the building are the benefits of building a metal. Insertion in metallic buildings in metal buildings They are used more often than single seams and they are also used on loose terraces and heavy buildings of common use. Individual tracks are constructed for buildings with a centralized load on land, such as metal or concrete buildings. Land suitable for land use. It is appropriate that its authorized power fluctuates And bear the weight of the building. However, at the time of the rebuilding, the surface underneath is completely flat and roughly level, free of rubble or any external agent, and it must be done directly from the soil. Except concrete: unless Concrete slabs or low concrete cement also say that the first concrete pile of concrete is single concrete. The amount of cement in concrete is from 100-150 kg / m 3. Concrete concrete is used only for two reasons: to avoid direct contact with concrete The main line with the soil for flooring and the creation of a level surface for the application of the thickness of the concrete, except about 10 centimeters And usually the molding starts from concrete only. Floor molds The concrete is weak against the forces of the ship and is cracked in the tensile zone, so that steel bands are placed in place of the warps of the ship to prevent cracking of concrete. The warps on the pylons are in the bottom of the pitch and place the bars in two directions in the form of a net (about 5 centimeters above the concrete). This work is usually done by small pieces of stone or concrete ducts. In the case of concrete concreting, this grid is dipped in concrete, or it can be first poured about 5 centimeters of concrete foam, and then put these reinforcements on it and put the concrete to a thickness As stated in the map, all reinforcements must be turned upside-down or reciprocated. It should be noted that the rods that are placed inside the concrete should never be painted or roughened with organic materials. The face color on the barrel prevents the bonding of concrete and steel to each other. The distance between the bars should be uniform so that the largest seed of concrete can be easily passed through it. Pyro concrete or concrete slabs should be fully integrated and compact, with no empty holes. For this, often use a vibrator. It should be noted that if concrete is vibrated too much, the concrete granulation collapses and causes the unevenness and weakness of the concrete piece. It is better to vibrate the concrete masonry with the masonry blows at the same time, while playing the soft blows to the back of the concrete masonry. In some buildings, molds are made with bricks. Brick molds are economical in terms of working speed and economical, but due to the fact that the water brick The adjoining concrete quickly dries it and dries it and prevents its gradual chemical interaction. As a result, the concrete adjoining the mold does not have the desired endurance, it should be covered on the brick with plastic sheets so that the brick is not directly in contact. It should be noted. Concrete used is sand and gravel of good and continuous use The mixing plan should be precise on the weather conditions. The water used in concrete should be clear and free of cement-forming elements and concrete constituents. The following page under the column or the rods: If it is pinned to the concrete column, the vertical bars that are part of it outside the pile They are placed in concrete and attached to the column reinforcements (extruder). If it is pivoted to the metal pillar so that the pressure exerted from the column is divided into the ground surface, under the column on the plate of a metal plate whose dimensions are calculated by They can be placed because the columns may include vertical forces for lateral forces Hold the column underneath the column with concrete rods (Bolt). For this purpose, they act in such a way that four pivots with a score of at least 22 or more bent at the head, either bent or bent, and the other on the screw and nut, are placed in concrete. In the following column, the four-dimensional hole is created right in front of these four bars, and the circles are cut from the holes of the plate and fixed with the nut, the diameter of the bars is obtained by calculation. It should be noted that since concrete is slightly reduced after drying, it is often removed from the substrate so that after the concrete is filled out, the plate is removed and filled with the grout, and then the plate is closed. For that reason Individual joints are connected to each other when building a meeting or a sudden jerk together. We connect each point or individual by floating together. The synagogue, after being formatted, placed the columns in a single pillar before Individual concrete seals with at least 4 rebar 12 each other These bolts are connected by crossbars. These fences must be floated to at least 1.4 frames per inch. The metal constituent consists of the following important components: the column Hoplé or main beams are the pillars of the connecting pipe. In metal and concrete buildings, columns are referred to parts that are under pressure. The load of ceilings by bridges is transferred to columns from the columns to the ground. The different parts of the column are as follows Became Construction of metal buildings is less dependent on weather and atmospheric factors if concrete structures in concrete below 4 ° C are not allowed to continue to work. The benefits of building a metal after the completion of the building are the benefits of building a metal. Insertion in metallic buildings in metal buildings They are used more often than single seams and they are also used on loose terraces and heavy buildings of common use. Individual tracks are constructed for buildings with a centralized load on land, such as metal or concrete buildings. Land suitable for land use. It is appropriate that its authorized power fluctuates And bear the weight of the building. However, at the time of the rebuilding, the surface underneath is completely flat and roughly level, free of rubble or any external agent, and it must be done directly from the soil. Except concrete: unless Concrete slabs or low concrete cement also say that the first concrete pile of concrete is single concrete. The amount of cement in concrete is from 100-150 kg / m 3. Concrete concrete is used only for two reasons: to avoid direct contact with concrete The main line with the soil for flooring and the creation of a level surface for the application of the thickness of the concrete, except about 10 centimeters And usually the molding starts from concrete only. Floor molds The concrete is weak against the forces of the ship and is cracked in the tensile zone, so that steel bands are placed in place of the warps of the ship to prevent cracking of concrete. The warps on the pylons are in the bottom of the pitch and place the bars in two directions in the form of a net (about 5 centimeters above the concrete). This work is usually done by small pieces of stone or concrete ducts. In the case of concrete concreting, this grid is dipped in concrete, or it can be first poured about 5 centimeters of concrete foam, and then put these reinforcements on it and put the concrete to a thickness As stated in the map, all reinforcements must be turned upside-down or reciprocated. It should be noted that the rods that are placed inside the concrete should never be painted or roughened with organic materials. The face color on the barrel prevents the bonding of concrete and steel to each other. The distance between the bars should be uniform so that the largest seed of concrete can be easily passed through it. Pyro concrete or concrete slabs should be fully integrated and compact, with no empty holes. For this, often use a vibrator. It should be noted that if concrete is vibrated too much, the concrete granulation collapses and causes the unevenness and weakness of the concrete piece. It is better to vibrate the concrete masonry with the masonry blows at the same time, while playing the soft blows to the back of the concrete masonry. In some buildings, molds are made with bricks. Brick molds are economical in terms of working speed and economical, but due to the fact that the water brick The adjoining concrete quickly dries it and dries it and prevents its gradual chemical interaction. As a result, the concrete adjoining the mold does not have the desired endurance, it should be covered on the brick with plastic sheets so that the brick is not directly in contact. It should be noted. Concrete used is sand and gravel of good and continuous use The mixing plan should be precise on the weather conditions. The water used in concrete should be clear and free of cement-forming elements and concrete constituents. The following page under the column or the rods: If it is pinned to the concrete column, the vertical bars that are part of it outside the pile They are placed in concrete and attached to the column reinforcements (extruder). If it is pivoted to the metal pillar so that the pressure exerted from the column is divided into the ground surface, under the column on the plate of a metal plate whose dimensions are calculated by They can be placed because the columns may include vertical forces for lateral forces Hold the column underneath the column with concrete rods (Bolt). For this purpose, they act in such a way that four pivots with a score of at least 22 or more bent at the head, either bent or bent, and the other on the screw and nut, are placed in concrete. In the following column, the four-dimensional hole is created right in front of these four bars, and the circles are cut from the holes of the plate and fixed with the nut, the diameter of the bars is obtained by calculation. It should be noted that since concrete is slightly reduced after drying, it is often removed from the substrate so that after the concrete is filled out, the plate is removed and filled with the grout, and then the plate is closed. For that reason Individual joints are connected to each other when building a meeting or a sudden jerk together. We connect each point or individual by floating together. The synagogue, after being formatted, placed the columns in a single pillar before Individual concrete seals with at least 4 rebar 12 each other These bolts are connected by crossbars. These fences must be floated to at least 1.4 frames per inch. The metal constituent consists of the following important components: the column Hoplé or main beams are the pillars of the connecting pipe. In metal and concrete buildings, columns are referred to parts that are under pressure. The load of ceilings by bridges is transferred to columns from the columns to the ground. The different parts of the column are as follows…
In a trapezoidal or rectangular shape mounted on a bridge and connected to a pillar, in Iran, most computing engineers use the same way to bridge the bridge bypassing the bridge, in which case the bridge is calculated continuously, and in particular in the middle pillars The skeleton passes from both sides of the column of continuous bridges and the so-called kagni node. The second condition is that the bridge passes through the middle of the pillar, while the third state is when the bridge ends up at the column, in which case it is possible to create bridges You can not, because if you want to run a national bridge, we have to make a hole in the jet This will cause the column to be weakened. In this regard, it would be better to mount the bridge in this case. Details on the construction of a hawk bridge may be reinforced for the bridges’ mouths with two or a number of straps welded to the wing of the beam. These straps It is usually welded in simple beams in the middle of the bridge and in the beams near the support. If we use a belt number to reinforce the brush, it is better to boil from the top, because if it is welded from the bottom, it will cause disturbance during whitening and We have to increase the thickness of the plaster and dirt on all surfaces of the roof as much as the reinforcement belt. Connect And the bridges that pass together, as if from a two-way top, a bridge of two bridges, it is better to connect this bridge with straps at several points to bridge the bridges and work together. The air inlet to cover the ceiling from the arched vault We must inevitably have to be seen, as seen in brick buildings, with gauges with a number calculated on bridges and a narrow arc of these ironways. These joints may be universal and pass through bridges. In this case, the location of the joist And the bridge to be welded. If a bridge number is used for a bridge and a joist, then it will be t What should be tapped from both sides. Spacing two pieces of the beam into each other as if we had to connect two pieces of the beam to each other. If this beam is used for the bridge, it is enough to use two bundle pieces on both sides of the beam and a piece of strap on Connect the beams to the top, if these pieces are used for the joists, we connect it with a piece in the beam and a piece of patch on the wing of the beam. The wings are the most commonly used steel bracelets, which are interspersed between two columns So that the level of welding in the bracket is sufficient at the point of attachment of the braid to the nodes or The two bracket profiles are welded together. The width, width and thickness of these sheets are determined according to the calculation. If the mouths are fastened from the building, it is better to continue the lower parts of the same span to the fastening foundation. These windbreaks cause the wind force or earthquake to reach the top of the column to be quickly transported to the ground. Concrete buildings are constructed of concrete structures, all of which are made of reinforced concrete. The roofs of these buildings are made in a variety of types, such as prefabricated reinforced concrete, paving blocks, etc. … The advantages of concrete constructions are the main features of sand concrete, which is found to be abundant in almost all parts of the globe. On this principle it is possible to build a building Concrete structures against atmospheric agents are more resistant to metal structures due to their longer life. Concrete buildings are more resistant to steel than steel buildings, due to the shape of concrete that can be made in any shape it is made to form. Columns and bridges The following workshops are required for the implementation of concrete buildings: 1 Forming workshop or carpentry workshop 2 Armature workshop 3 Concrete concrete workshop: In small workshops, after determining the mixing ratio of sand, wooden elements should be used. Dimensions of these modules It should be considered in the first place in terms of portable weight for the worker. Secondly, the volume should be such that it would equal the correct number of cubic meters of sand or sand, for example, if we construct the dimensions of 50×50 by 25 centimeters, with 16 pcs It will have a cubic meter of sand. Even the smallest concrete must be used to make concrete even in small quantities. Concrete pavers have a rotary boiler that slows downwards about a pivotal axis to the horizon and is blended with blades embedded inside it. Its larger type has a modulus, which is for gravel and sand, and its capacity in liters It should be noted that the concrete should be smooth so that its beads are well-formed on each other and completely surround the reinforcements and fill the corners of the mold and remove all air from the mold. All the reinforcements must be checked with a map, especially the precision of the armature They are closed to each other with a reinforcement wire and if it has been forgotten again, the distance between the reinforcements is uniform because it often happens that the main beams where the reinforcements are close together are not uniform between the reinforcements, which causes the concrete to be unable to remove the kidneys Surrounding the joists and creating a homogeneous and ductile part, the site should be free from dirt and waste. If between the completion of the work of reinforcement and concreting a few days, you should carefully visit the work place. All parts of the format should be carefully viewed. The strength of the beams and the gloves and templates should be ensured. At the concrete time In a trapezoidal or rectangular shape mounted on a bridge and connected to a pillar, in Iran, most computing engineers use the same way to bridge the bridge bypassing the bridge, in which case the bridge is calculated continuously, and in particular in the middle pillars The skeleton passes from both sides of the column of continuous bridges and the so-called kagni node. The second condition is that the bridge passes through the middle of the pillar, while the third state is when the bridge ends up at the column, in which case it is possible to create bridges You can not, because if you want to run a national bridge, we have to make a hole in the jet This will cause the column to be weakened. In this regard, it would be better to mount the bridge in this case. Details on the construction of a hawk bridge may be reinforced for the bridges’ mouths with two or a number of straps welded to the wing of the beam. These straps It is usually welded in simple beams in the middle of the bridge and in the beams near the support. If we use a belt number to reinforce the brush, it is better to boil from the top, because if it is welded from the bottom, it will cause disturbance during whitening and We have to increase the thickness of the plaster and dirt on all surfaces of the roof as much as the reinforcement belt. Connect And the bridges that pass together, as if from a two-way top, a bridge of two bridges, it is better to connect this bridge with straps at several points to bridge the bridges and work together. The air inlet to cover the ceiling from the arched vault We must inevitably have to be seen, as seen in brick buildings, with gauges with a number calculated on bridges and a narrow arc of these ironways. These joints may be universal and pass through bridges. In this case, the location of the joist And the bridge to be welded. If a bridge number is used for a bridge and a joist, then it will be t What should be tapped from both sides. Spacing two pieces of the beam into each other as if we had to connect two pieces of the beam to each other. If this beam is used for the bridge, it is enough to use two bundle pieces on both sides of the beam and a piece of strap on Connect the beams to the top, if these pieces are used for the joists, we connect it with a piece in the beam and a piece of patch on the wing of the beam. The wings are the most commonly used steel bracelets, which are interspersed between two columns So that the level of welding in the bracket is sufficient at the point of attachment of the braid to the nodes or The two bracket profiles are welded together. The width, width and thickness of these sheets are determined according to the calculation. If the mouths are fastened from the building, it is better to continue the lower parts of the same span to the fastening foundation. These windbreaks cause the wind force or earthquake to reach the top of the column to be quickly transported to the ground. Concrete buildings are constructed of concrete structures, all of which are made of reinforced concrete. The roofs of these buildings are made in a variety of types, such as prefabricated reinforced concrete, paving blocks, etc. … The advantages of concrete constructions are the main features of sand concrete, which is found to be abundant in almost all parts of the globe. On this principle it is possible to build a building Concrete structures against atmospheric agents are more resistant to metal structures due to their longer life. Concrete buildings are more resistant to steel than steel buildings, due to the shape of concrete that can be made in any shape it is made to form. Columns and bridges The following workshops are required for the implementation of concrete buildings: 1 Forming workshop or carpentry workshop 2 Armature workshop 3 Concrete concrete workshop: In small workshops, after determining the mixing ratio of sand, wooden elements should be used. Dimensions of these modules It should be considered in the first place in terms of portable weight for the worker. Secondly, the volume should be such that it would equal the correct number of cubic meters of sand or sand, for example, if we construct the dimensions of 50×50 by 25 centimeters, with 16 pcs It will have a cubic meter of sand. Even the smallest concrete must be used to make concrete even in small quantities. Concrete pavers have a rotary boiler that slows downwards about a pivotal axis to the horizon and is blended with blades embedded inside it. Its larger type has a modulus, which is for gravel and sand, and its capacity in liters It should be noted that the concrete should be smooth so that its beads are well-formed on each other and completely surround the reinforcements and fill the corners of the mold and remove all air from the mold. All the reinforcements must be checked with a map, especially the precision of the armature They are closed to each other with a reinforcement wire and if it has been forgotten again, the distance between the reinforcements is uniform because it often happens that the main beams where the reinforcements are close together are not uniform between the reinforcements, which causes the concrete to be unable to remove the kidneys Surrounding the joists and creating a homogeneous and ductile part, the site should be free from dirt and waste. If between the completion of the work of reinforcement and concreting a few days, you should carefully visit the work place. All parts of the format should be carefully viewed. The strength of the beams and the gloves and templates should be ensured. At the concrete time…
Wand tolerates the weight of the reinforcement and concrete and the workers during the laying process. However, the distance between these supports should not exceed 80 cm. It should be absolutely clear that all the parts of the beam are at a level. The minimum thickness of the boards of the beams is 3 cm and the minimum thickness of the board boards and species is 2 cm. Roof tiling: In the case of the roof of concrete structures, which is common in Iran, it is often blocked. Prefabricated concrete slabs or concrete slabs are used. For prefabricated concrete slabs, they do not need to be molded, but for concrete fitted ceilings and block ceilings for each one, there is a need for special molding. For concrete ceilings that require more detailed and tight fitting, they usually use boards to form a plate of the dimensions required to put these boards on wooden panels, then place metal nets (reinforcement) on it, and concrete On the basis of the scaffold of the ceiling and the main beams on the floor, the wooden foundations on the ground, and even these foundations can be found on the soil, due to the weight of the concrete that is transferred to the bases, these bases are scattered and the rampart or the ceiling Moving from place to place and moving out of balance To avoid this, it is necessary to put boards 4 to 5 inches wide and 20 cm in width and 4 meters in length to avoid the pressure from the beam or roof due to the weight of the concrete. The underlying board is called. To adjust the shape and ease of forming the wedge, use two wedges under each base and secure it with a hammer in place and then fix it by gypsum in its place. In the case of block ceilings, it is not necessary to close the entire ceiling with the board; only the joists should be closed at intervals of about 1.5 to 2 meters in order to prevent their abdominal dislocation. Opening the carpet to form concrete in concrete when it has to be done. Concrete components can withstand their weight. For columns and shapes of beams, they can open the mold as they are formed, but in the case of beams and ceilings, the mold should be removed at least 2 to 3 weeks after the laying. The magnitude of the air is cooler. Templates should be removed later. When formatting, it is necessary to remove all the base The molding must be done with the help of a nail, and it is not allowed to hit the mold and its sudden removal. The construction of the masonry is one of the most sensitive and precise parts of the concrete building, since all the forces in the building are tolerated by the bolts. The reinforcement workshop should be in a separate section. The main workshops are formed. In the workshops, the bends bend the armature with the hand (the calf wrench), but in the large workshops the reinforcement is bent by the machine. The joints should be of the type mentioned (plain or simple). If the rebar has a local bend, these bendings are already Straightener The reinforcement must be interlocked so that it does not move and do not move at the time of concrete installation.